Not directly using just Acrobat. When I need to retrieve content of a button icon, I use the FDF Toolkit to save a button appearance as a PDF, and convert the PDF to an image. For images in buttons, you can do this manually in Acrobat by flattening the form and exporting the images, or a number of similar ways.
On second thought, there may be a way via JavaScript. I'll have to do a few tests...